英语写作

Titles

四种标题类型：

• full-sentence
• nominal group
• compound
• question constructions

地学类文献主要使用 nominal group和compound结构。

举例

Nominal Group constructions

Estimates of olivine-basaltic melt electrical conductivity using a digital rock physics approach

Formation timescales of CV chondrites from component specific Hf–W systematics

Glacier velocity variability due to rain-induced sliding and cavity formation

Compound constructions

Cenozoic paleoaltimetry of the SE margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the region

Linking subsurface to surface degassing at active volcanoes: A thermodynamic model with applications to Erebus volcano

Lu–Hf geochronology on cm-sized garnets using micro sampling: New constraints on garnet growth rates and duration of metamorphism during continental collision (Menderes Massif, Turkey)

如何写一个好的标题？

• 标题很少使用 the
  • 举例The effects of magmatic processes and crustal recycling on the molybdenum stable isotopic composition of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts
• 标题中没有句号；两个部分使用冒号隔开，第二部分的首字母大写。
  • 举例Constraints on the timing and duration of orogenic events by combined Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd geochronology: An example from the Grenville orogeny
• 正确使用修饰语(modifiers)。
  • 举例：during the Oligocene–Miocene transition
  • using a digital rock physics approach

如何使用介词

介词包括但不限于：

• 简单介词: about, at, though, of, since等等。
• 复合介词: into, onto等等。
• 双介词: until after, from among等等。
• 短语介词: according to, because of, in spite of等等。
• 分词介词: regarding, concerning等等。

介词使用方式：

• 说明属性
  • Cores were imaged using a combination of absorption-contrast and phase-contrast X-rayμ-CT at 27 keV to resolve the small density contrast between olivine and basaltic glass.
• 用作状语(adverbial)
  • In the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ferrar is intruded into the mostly terrestrial Devonian to Triassic sedimentary deposits of the Beacon Supergroup.
• 包含介词的搭配
  • 介词+名词+介词
    • However, the resulting succession of laminated crusts (thick red layerat the
      bottom of the snowpack in Fig. 7) was easily observable during field
      campaigns throughout the season.
  • 动词+介词
    • All of these models focus on constraining chemical equilibrium between a
      single melt and fluid.
  • 形容词+介词
    • The result of the model run is a list of possible combinations of gases and
      their proportions that, when combined, are equal to the composition of gas
      measured at the surface.

推荐使用的语料库：

• SKELLhttps://skell.sketchengine.eu/#home?lang=en
• COCAhttps://www.english-corpora.org/coca/
• JUST THE WORDhttp://www.just-the-word.com/

恰当地使用the

• 上一句提过的内容
  • In Nancy, noble gases and nitrogen were extracted conjointly in
    samples H-N1,H-N2,and H-N3 upon heating in high-vacuum with an
    infra-red (IR) CO2 laser…The nitrogen was purified in a glass line
  • In Paris, the nitrogen content and isotope composition of two
    Hypatia diamond samples were investigated…The two samples
    were weighed before their analysis.
• 特定区域
  • …such as the Kuiper Belt, where presolar components might be
    more abundant
• 独一无二的
  • the Pacific
  • the Earth
  • the equator
  • the Nile
  • the North Pole
• 特定的名词、方法、模型、模式
  • the lattice parameter refined from the X-ray diffraction
    pattern
  • the 3He / 4He ratios
  • the model calculations by Leya & Masarik (2009)
• 名义上的
  • the presence of contaminants and important amounts
    of water
  • the release of some atmospheric Ne
  • the right side of pure potential end-members
  • the addition of some cosmogenic 3He
  • the isotopic spectra of Xe

不要在某些情况下使用the:

• 大陆名称，例如Asia,Africa
• 大多数国家，除了the United States, the Netherlands
• 城市、镇、州
• 湖泊或海湾，例如Lake Titicaca
• 山，例如Mont Qomolangma
• 岛屿，例如Isles of Scilly，除了岛链Aleutians。

Abstracts

有用的表述方式和句式

介绍背景信息

• the major threat
• including (such as)
• not only … but also…
• can provide important insights into
• is composed primarily of …
• the two major components of …
• they were deformed in … with …
• A as well as B, have very low matrix fractions.
• related to A and B.

介绍两个变量的关系

• mainly correlated with
• a positive exponential correlation between A and B
• Some studies suggested that biomass-based ratios of fungus to bacteria are
  positively correlated to ecosystem efficiency and food web complexity.*

建立研究的重要性

• is of great significance to determine
• have attracted enormous attention in past decades because of
• is a topic worthy of a long-term study in
• is critical to deciphering(破解)
• It is important to further investigate this composition using another approach
• We notably present some examples of bathymetric data and
  seismic lines showing these structures and we discuss the
  significance of this fault system in the platetectonics framework of
  the East African offshore.

提出先前文献的不足

• it is still unclear
• remain unclear
• is still much uncertainty
• However, there has been little to no empirical evidence that
• However, the acoustic velocity model cannot describe the physical properties
  of…, and the acoustic wave equation adopted is not applicable for the
  numerical simulation of high frequency seismic waves
• These studies represent an important knowledge base but they do not cover
  the required spatial range and time-frame.
• So far, only few microstructural studies of natural pyroxenites have been
  carried out.
• The principal characteristics of the continental rise which have not previously
  been explained are: the persistent uniformity in morphology, sediment…

介绍研究论文的重点、目标或者论点

• The intention here is to approach the problem by
• This paper focuses on a review of
• Our study is centered on
• The aim of this paper is to investigate
• We make the database publicly available, intending to provide the
  seismological and broader scientific community with a benchmark for time
  series to be used as a testing ground in signal processing.

解释目前研究的重要性

• By applying this understanding to the optimization of fracturing designs for the
  Longmaxi shale, we successfully created networks of well-propped fractures
• Considered together with the mapping objectives, these products are an
  important and accessible way for geologists without a technical background in
  machine learning to interrogate the results of supervised bedrock prediction.
• Our dye tracing experiments have revealed previously unknown features of the
  subsurface hydrology of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier.
• Our observations are notable due to the style and magnitude of the forcing
  (high rain rates).
• The experiments highlight the role of biotite and of crystallization pressure in
  defining separate compositional trends of residual liquids, i.e., alkaline
  (trachytes) versus sub-alkaline (dacite-rhyolite).
• The potential applications of this data collection are innumerable: from
  recalibrating fragility curves to training machine learning models to quantifying
  earthquake damage.
• These analyses enable us to precisely constrain the age of the sediments,
  accurately locate the sources of the deposits, and place robust constraints on
  the exhumation and magmatic history of the West Kunlun Mountains.
• Our study will contribute to a better understanding of the influence of climate
  change and increasingly serious human disturbances.
• Our results provide new insights into the synergistic effects of CTAB on
  dehalogenation of Cl-OPEs.
• Our study provides the effective means of land use dynamic monitoring

简要介绍研究方法

• Here, we present a new open-ocean calibration of the planktic foraminifera
  Orbulina universa.
• Here, we examine glacier speed and rain-induced accelerations using…
• To explore how these wetland ecosystems respond to such environmental
  changes, we examined the effect of saline-alkaline stresses and water stress
  (flooding/drought) on water use efficiency.
• Here, we investigate the 230Th and 232Th depth profiles in the Central Pacific
  Basin.
• We used a combination of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and highresolution electron microprobe element mapping to compare…
• This study assessed carbon budget changes to…
• Here, a model is presented as a framework for interpreting surface volcanic
  gas measurements.
• To monitor volcanic activity and glacial movements near Jang Bogo Station,
  aseismic network was installed during the 2010–2011 Antarctic summer field
  season.
• To navigate this complexity, mafic magma diversity is investigated using
  sample suites that span short temporal and spatial scales.
• In this study, land use and landscape pattern changes from 1982 to 2015
  were analyzed using remote sensing data…K-means clustering of different
  rainstorm patterns was used to differentiate watershed run-off and
  sedimentation features.

报告结果

• The results of TG and Rietveld refinement showed that…
• The amount of plastic litter has increased dramatically over the last few
  decades in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
• The software provides the inversion parameters (FDS asymptotes) as well as
  the limiting frequency effect and transition factor, which provide information
  regarding contribution of the SP particles to magnetic susceptibility as well as
  relative variation of the particle grain-size in the SP-SSD transition.
• Then, the obtained area under curve values (AUCs) were obtained
  between 0.90 (in 360.009 s) and 0.84 (in 78.307 s)
• Moreover, an increase in density, through biofouling by organisms,
  can eventually result in sinking of microplastics.
• Besides, it is found that there is a correlation between chlorine
  resistance and antibiotic resistance.

对研究结果的解释

• This is attributed to greater preservation of the enriched melt signature arising
  from reactive melt transport within the mantle wedge.
• Due to errors in experimental procedures, we did not collect data for
  approximately nine samples (indicated by Table 1).
• Most of this difference is due to the greater water depth and, hence, larger
  inventory of 230Th at the 8° N site.
• Dissolution of dust is the main source of dissolved 232Th to the CEP because of its
  remoteness from the continental margins.

讨论研究意义

• The results indicated that the largest reduction of forestland area was 648.70
  km2during 1995–2000, and the relative change was −1.84%.
• At Erebus, results of this modeling demonstrate that the degassing of
  stagnant magma can contribute significant fluid and energy to the system.
• Finally, the factors limiting the application of Raman spectroscopy in deep sea
  are summarized, which can provide reference for the future development of
  Raman spectroscopy technology. .
• The cavity modification via incorporating zinc ions effectively tunes the product
  selectivity over SAPO molecular sieves with relatively larger cavity, which
  provides an ovel strategy to develop…
• The research results will provide theoretical support for the planning and
  design of cascade hydropower stations in tributaries of the Yangtze River as
  well as operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir.
• The results suggested that the NDVI alone was not able to distinguish
  drought-related vegetation stress from vegetation changes caused by crop
  rotation between corn and soybeans.
• Our model has important implications for arc magma genesis in general.

时态使用

背景信息： 一般现在时

• The dynamics of magmatic processes at large mafic ocean island
  volcanoes control the likely locations (central caldera versus flanks)
  and timing of their eruptions.

目的：一般现在时、一般过去时

• Here, we report the results of sixteen fluorescent dye tracing experiments
  conducted in April–May 2018 over the lowermost 7 km of the high-elevation,
  debris-covered Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, to characterize the glacier’s surface
  and subsurface drainage system.
• The research aimed to take peat land of Changbai Mountain area as
  research object.

已有研究的问题(Gaps)：一般过去时

方法：一般现在时、一般过去时

一般关注目标期刊文献的使用方式。

结果：一般现在时、一般过去时

• 不能被普及化，不是真理：一般过去时
• 发现是一种普遍现象：一般现在时

结论、implications：一般现在时、情态动词

• Our findings emphasize that …
• We conclude that turbiditic strata may constitute …

使用非限定动词

非限定动词不展示时态。

• to + v.
• 分词:现在分词，过去分词
  +
• 动名词：v. +ing

Introductions

简介的内容

• 表达领域
  • 表述文章论题的重要性
  • 总结过去的研究进展
• 指出过去研究的GAP，从而创建研究要点
• 表达本文研究的目的、提出观点或需要验证的假设、表述主要发现。

有用的表述方式和句式

建立研究主题的重要性

• Understanding the processes that … are key current topics of research because they can lead to …
• As such, they have been the subjects of …
• Consequently, … is critical for understanding …
• Thus, it is fundamental to …
• Therefore, it is vital to …
• … are of great importance for …
• … is important, because …
• … is a key issue …

定义使用方法

• the … method is a valuable tool used to …
• … is defined as …
• … method relies on …
• … is composed of …

参考先前的研究

• With the exceptions of A, B, and C, all of these studies have concentrated on …
• Several authors have proposed …
• Previous studies have mainly focused on …
• Previous studies determined that …
• Previous studies have indicated that …
• Previous studies showed that …
• Previous study suggested that …
• Previous studies demonstrated that …
• Numerous geodynamical studies have investigated …
• It has been shown that …
• When available, it has been observed that …
• Researchers have pointed out that several studies have found that …

参考其他文献

• used …
• argue that
• claim that
• assert that
• suggested that
• conducted

指出先前研究的GAP

• …, however, remains unanswered.
• Despite …, …remains problematic.
• … has not been investigated.
• … there has been very little research about the relationship between …
• In addition, very little research has been undertaken to …
• However, there is very little research on …, resulting in …
• Few studies have …
• The reality is that few studies …
• A few studies have estimated …
• Only a few studies have quantified … for …
• Yet, relatively few studies have applied …
• It may seem surprising that so few studies have analyzed …
• Yet, few studies have focused specifically on the cause/effect relationships between …
• Few studies have attempted to …
• However, few studies have investigated …
• … is still controversial.
• … but several issues remain unaddressed.
• In contrast, … have been paid little attention.
• In contrast, there is no such a level of knowledge of …

表述已有文献的意义和目的

• Here, we investigate …, and explore the effects of …
• The paper investigate show territoriality influences the actor relations in …
• In this paper, we aim to better comprehend and discuss …
• Instead, we aim to provide a broad overview of the possibilities …
• In this study, we examine the petrogenesis and geological significance of …
• We focus on …, and compare it with …
• The intention here is to approach the problem by examining …
• The hope is that … will encourage…
• The obtained results in the present study are expected to provide further insights for…
• … gives further insights into … and helps evaluate …
• Thus, further studies are needed to resolve such an argument …
• This study attempts to provide additional information based on … and to build a more
  accurate …
• In addition to addressing these questions, we extend our classification scheme by …
• The present study was performed in an attempt to …
• This paper presents … and uses this dataset to constrain …
• In this study, comprehensive analyses of … have been conducted on …
• The aims are to determine …, constrain …, and shed new lights on …

时态使用

介绍物质特征：一般现在时、完成时、将来时

• are …
• It has been …

表明研究内容的重要性：一般现在时、现在完成时

• it is important to …
• … has received increasing attention in recent years.

参考以往研究：现在完成时、一般过去时、一般现在时

• … have revealed that …
• … determined that …
• … making the connection between …

参考其他文献/强调：一般现在时

• xxx used … to calculate …
• xxx and xxx who observed … depending on …

涉及研究领域：现在完成时、一般过去时

• Recently, studies … have revealed …
• … found that …

指出先前研究的GAP：一般现在时、现在完成时

• … is still …
• … has been under debate for a few decades.
• There is limited knowledge …

介绍本研究的意义：一般现在时、情态助动词

• … provides …
• … can provide …

Paraphrasing 改写

改写技巧：

• 读懂原意，不再看
• 记录下重点信息
• 相似短语替换
• 对比原句，避免无意抄袭

Synthesizing Sources

方式：

• 通过分类分组叙述
• 由远及近、主题由大及小
• 由早期到近期
• 通过对比、比较叙述
• 举例排序

插入从属从句

• Attributive clauses 定语从句
  • … is …
• Non-restrictive / Non-defining attributive clauses 非限定性定语从句
  • … which (are) …
• Object clauses 宾语从句
  • … show that …
  • … indicate that …
  • … suggest that …
• Appositive clauses 肯定从句
  • It is due to the fact that …
  • need to … that …
• Adverbial clauses 状语从句
• Subject clauses 主语从句
  • It is unlikely that …
  • it is clear that …
• Predicative clauses 谓语从句
  • the fact is that …

Methods

也使用：

• Materials and Methods
• Data and Methods
  作为标题；通常介绍研究地点、材料、采样方法、研究进展、变量、数据分析方法和其他能够帮助
  读者了解相关研究的信息。此外可以增加证明研究方法的合理性和可行性的相关内容。

有用的表述方式和句式

介绍材料、方法、设置的基本信息

• The main mechanisms responsible for … have been suggested to include …
• Both sites are …
• This site is covered by … and is about …
• … it remained undisturbed until …
• This study was performed in … 坐标表述：(22° 34′N, 109° 51′E)
• The … is situated in (some place)
• … is bounded by …
• … are made up of … and … associated with …

介绍研究仪器、材料、地点

• Fused silica capillary tube (300µm OD, 50µm ID; Polymicro Technologies, LLC)
  was used to…
• Specimens with largest dimensions of ≤700 μm were placed in 1 mm Pt or NB
  tubes for analysis.
• All the subvolumes used in direct current simulations, with the exception of
  those we used to assess the potential influence of H2O,have dimensions 280 μm
  × 280 μm × 280 μm…
• The samples consisted of a black shale**(MAC1-4, 25 m depth)**from the
  Hushpuckney Shale member of the Missourian Patoka Formation, …

证明方法、步骤的合理性

• We have modeled … using the method of (引用文献)
• Following (引用文献), we have assumed that …
• … are constructed from …
• … are based on …

介绍使用的方程

• …, we use the normalized difference vegetation index, (方程名称), calculated from …
• where 参数 are the …(参数解释)

介绍研究方法、步骤

• Nine samples from … were analyzed for the compositions of … and the contents of …
• 89 seawater samples distributed over six stations were collected …
• Calcium concentrations were augmented through the addition of CaCl2.
• Water was loaded into the tube and centrifuged to the sealed end.
• The melt fraction of each subvolume was calculated by counting the number of …
• Contractions and dilations were conducted along all three orthogonal directions of
  the cubic subvolume.
• They were carried out on a suite of 120 post-glacial tephra samples from
  Mocho-Choshuenco, including 44 scoria cone samples.
• All rock samples were crushed into fragments 5–10 cm in diameter.
• Shale samples were placed in a 10% sodium hypochlorite solution for up to
  four weeks.
• Shales that did not completely disaggregate after this treatment were
  subjected toa35% hydrogen peroxide solution for up to 24 hours.
• Undissolved residue was washed and sieved to isolate the 63–2,000 μm
  size fractions.
• Optical and cathodoluminescence(CL) microscopy observations of the
  cements in the studied extension veins were used to document the relative
  chronology of fracture stages.
• NaMgF3 was synthesized for this study from a stoichiometric mixture of NaF
  and MgF2 sintered at 750 ℃ (see Appendix A).
• We subjected our samples to rigorous cleaning.

动词时态

• 介绍研究仪器、材料、地点：一般现在时
• 介绍方程：一般现在时
• 介绍研究步骤：一般过去时、一般现在时

衔接词

• that/those of
  • The surface environment of Mars is vastly different from that of Earth, in that
    the surface pressure and temperature are much lower, and the surface
    temperature has greater diurnal variation
• this/that/these/those/such n.
  • those mentioned above
  • these results
• the n.
  • the method
• logical connectors 逻辑关联词
  • Although
  • However
  • Therefore
  • In addition
  • Additionally
  • start with
  • To estimate
  • In particular,
  • Despite …
  • Ad a result …
• 使用分词
  • …, using …
  • … were calculated using …

Results

报告主要发现，并对主要发现进行简短评论。有些会结合Discussion;

有用的表述方式和句式

描述元素位置（图表）

• … is presented in Fig.3.
• … are listed in Table2.
• … is described in Table 4 … is shown in Fig. 15.
• …(see Fig.5), were used to
• … are illustrated in Fig.2-4. … in TableS2.
• As shown in …(Fig.4a) …

介绍图中的标志、形状

• B–Batavia, G–Gulden Draak microcontinent …
• Inset arrows(箭头) show …
• Red star in (B) indicates …
• Light blue bar shows …
• Solid line indicates …
• The numbers at the symbols represent …
• Colored dashed lines in panel C link …
• Circles show …; colored polygons show …
• Thick lines are …
• These thinner lines are plotted as …

报告重要发现

• Fig.12 shows … to decrease with increasing epochs
• The slop of … suddenly increased …
• … decreases sharply from …
• … results from a reduction …
• … the accuracy rises slowly.
• … always increases with …
• … decreases first and then increases
• … monotonously increasing in …
• … the accuracy of … can reach …
• … it then decreased and increased again …

描述两个变量的关系

• is associated with
• partly linked with
• positively correlated with
• no obvious correlation that
• was significantly relative with
• no apparent association between

比较和对比

• while
• Nevertheless,
• In contrast to …
• On the contrary …

描述数据范围

• ranging from
• ranged from …
• within the range of …
• from … to …

比较程度

• more drastically 更彻底
• is higher than
• less than
• is smaller than
• is much better than that in
• was twice as large as that
• a better performance
• a much stiffer response and were more brittle, compared with

动词时态

• 介绍图中符号、形状：一般现在时
• 位置元素：一般现在时
• 报告发现：一般过去式、一般现在时、一般将来时
• 对比、比较：一般过去时、一般现在时、情态助动词(can、may、could)

名词化

形容词名词化是学术写作的特征之一。例如available转换为reduction或者availability

Discussions

回顾重要发现、讨论发现存在的原因，展示目前已有的发现和以外的结果。

有用的表述方式和句式

介绍相似性或者不同

一致：

• in good agreement with
• is in accordance with
• was also close to
• is supported by

不同：

• however, are inconsistent with
• is not compatible with
• In contrast to

解释原因

• is probably the consequence of …
• was singularly responsible for …
• It is therefore possible that …
• may be triggered by …
• is due to …
• attribute … to …
• might be the cause of …
• ascribe … to …
• it is unlikely that …
• were caused by …
• have resulted in
• may be the result of

表明研究结果的意义

• These observations together suggest that …
• Our findings propose that …
• This implies that …
• This discrepancy infers that …
• may be helpful to better understand …
• fills a gap in …
• It is therefore key that …
• the present study may provide insights into the effects of
• our experimental results indicate that …
• This study proves that …
• Our experimental measurements demonstrate that …
• reveal that
• are both indicative of
• Field observations indicate that

表明当前研究的局限性

• However, these efforts have been limited by a lack of
• One problem for … was lack of …
• has several major limitations.
• it is not clear whether …
• It should be noted that the experimental study ignored the effect of
• Uncertainties, however, remain … Nevertheless, …
• Finally, we should point out that we are uncertain if …, but such
  uncertainty can be addressed by analyzing …

表明非正常的发现

• However, the results of the present study is considerably lower than those …
  One of the causes for the discrepancy may be …
• Thus, it might be expected that … Instead, we find that … We hypothesize that this contrast in hillslope erodibility emerges due to …

为今后的研究提供建议

• In future studies, it would be of interest to test …
• Future works will mainly focus on …
• The effects of interparticle magnetostatic … are left for a future study.
• This provides additional evidence to support the pattern of the La2004 model in this
  time interval, and can be further investigated to evaluate …
• Further studies are therefore needed to investigate the influence of these factors.
• Therefore, … should be used to more accurately determine the homogenization
  temperatures of the coexisting inclusion assemblages.
• Further experimental studies may provide …
• But whether … remains for further study.
• A further study of these locations may enable further unraveling of how plumes and
  tectonic processes interact to break continents apart.

动词时态

• 介绍相似性或者不同：一般现在时
• 解释原因：一般现在时、情态助动词
• 表明研究结果的意义：一般现在时、一般过去时、情态助动词
• 表明当前研究的局限性：一般现在时、一般过去时、情态助动词
• 为今后的研究提供建议：一般现在时、一般将来时、情态助动词

Using Hedges 模糊语

情态助动词

• should be considered
• would result in
• … can be correlated with …
• could be due to …
• may …
• might …
• may not …

动词

• assume
• seems to
• appear to

形容词

• possible
• likely

副词

• basically
• largely agree with …
• possibly
• partially
• probably
• mostly

其他表达方式

• it is assumed that
• It is reasonable to assume that
• It may be that
• It would be possible,

Conclusions

总结当前研究的重点、主要发现、局限性；以及对未来研究的建议。

Acknowledgements

有用的表述方式和句式

• This study was funded by …
• This study was supported by …
• This work was aided by …
• This manuscript has also benefited greatly from the thoughtful comments of reviewers …
• We thank … for providing us with …
• We are indebted to … for their advice and helpful discussions of the manuscript.
• We wish to thank … for this study, and especially to …
• The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their helpful and
  constructive comments that greatly helped improve the manuscript.
• … are acknowledged for technical support.
• … kindly provided insightful discussions and reviews which improved the paper.

参考

来源于博士英语课程中教师PPT(Author: Department of Foreign Languages, Liu Yunlong)